Striving to become the first climate-neutral continent, the European Union has decided to phase-out all production of internal combustion engines by 2035, forcing its entire transport industrial ecosystem to switch to electromobility. From this perspective, the Automobile 3.0 (electric, connected and autonomous) is an excellent demonstrator of a double transition imposed on a forced march : ecological and digital. In this desire to comply without fossil resources, electromobility will accentuate a tenfold greed for mineral resources, where metals and metalloids are already the subject of fierce competition. Especially since the European Union is not the only geopolitical player to promote electromobility : China and the United States are the other main competitors, which have chosen different industrial strategies. Beyond the different technological solutions envisaged (BEV, HEV, PHEV, FCV, FCEV), electromobility is reshaping the global geoeconomic landscape, against the backdrop of an increased importance of the mining sector which will be the real arbiter of this ambitious project.
 
Yannick Harrel. PhD in Engineering Sciences, Master's degree in Multimedia and Information Technology Law. Lecturer and speaker since 2010 for higher education institutions such as IONIS Education Group, ENA/INSP, École Polytechnique and École Militaire de Saint-Cyr. Former Head of Cyber Department for a French-German group and former Business & Security Leader for a global equipment manufacturer. Recipient of the 2011 Admiral Marcel Duval Prize awarded by the French Revue de Défense Nationale. Attending in numerous conferences (e.g. Council of Europe, ICT Spring Luxembourg, Cybersecurity Switzerland Congress…). Author of books that have become references : “Russian Cyber Strategy”, “Economic and Financial Cyber Strategies” and “Automobiles 3.0” published by NUVIS.